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Mediterranean mountains. The Mediterranean is not so much the sea between the lands, as its name asserts, but the sea among the mountains. Except for the long stretch of lowland desert between Tunisia and Sinai, one is almost never out of sight of mountains if within sight of the Mediterranean coast. African and European tectonic plates have been slowly and intermittently colliding for millions of years, forcing up mountains all along this geologic frontier. Most show their marine origins clearly: they are predominantly of limestone, and one can find fossil seashells above the timberline. Almost every range parallels the nearest coast. In these mountain environments on all sides of the Mediterranean, history, geography, and economics, as much else besides, share some of the same patterns and rhythms, distinct from the rest of Europe, Africa, or Asia. It is the mountains and the climate that make the Mediterranean different.

J.R. McNeill: The mountains of the Mediterranean world, An environmental history, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

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