Grabov Rat : glossary : S

			glossary : S

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geography : toponym	Salton Sea : the name 'Salton', apparently coined from 'salt', was first given in 1853 to the Southern Pacific station and then in 1892 transferred to the ancient lakebed previously called Lake Cahuilla for the Indians of the region. The name was then retained in the 'Salton Sea' for the sheet of water (much smaller than the old lakebed) that formed in 1907 after the overflow of the Colorado River.	Cahuilla
botany & gardening	samara : an indehiscent, dry, hard, winged fruit, as in the ash, maple, and elm; a key fruit.
computing & web acronym	SAMPA : Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet : a machine-readable phonetic alphabet. SAMPA basically consists of a mapping of symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) onto ASCII codes in the range 33..127, the 7-bit printable ASCII characters. Associated with the coding (mapping) are guidelines for the transcription of the languages to which SAMPA has been applied. A SAMPA transcription is designed to be uniquely parsable. As with the ordinary IPA, a string of SAMPA symbols does not require spaces between successive symbols. In its basic form SAMPA was seen as catering essentially for segmental transcription, particularly of a traditional phonemic or near-phonemic kind. A proposal for an extended version of the segmental alphabet, X-SAMPA, extends the basic agreed conventions so as to make provision for every symbol on the Chart of the International Phonetic Association, including all diacritics. In principle this makes it possible to produce a machine-readable phonetic transcription for every known human language. Where Unicode (ISO 10646) is not available or not appropriate, SAMPA and the proposed X-SAMPA (Extended SAMPA) constitute the best robust international collaborative basis for a standard machine-readable encoding of phonetic notation.	IPA Unicode character
geography : toponym	Santa Rosa : the name was extremely popular for naming geographical items in California: city, river, creek, island, hill , mountain, etc. Most places were doubtless named for the Dominican St. Rose of Lima (1586-1617), until recent times the only female saint of the Americas, but some may have been named for the Italian Franciscan St. Rose of Viterbo (1235-1253).
biology	saprophyte : any organism that lives on decaying organic matter, as some fungi and bacteria.
	saturation (or purity of color) : strength or purity of the color; the intensity of a specific hue: the amount of gray in proportion to the hue, measured as a percentage from 0% (gray) to 100% (fully saturated); on the standard color wheel, saturation increases from the center to the edge; used as a parameter in the HSB color model. The saturation of a color is determined by a combination of light intensity and how much it is distributed across the spectrum of different wavelengths. With no saturation at all, the hue becomes a shade of gray; the purest color is achieved by using just one wavelength at a high intensity such as in laser light.
economics	saving : income not spent : at the end of any period, saving is equal to income in that period minus consumption, and could be negative is expenditure exceeds income; note that paying off debt is a form of savings in the economic sense of the term.	income consumption debt
Latin abbreviation	sc. : scilicet : namely
botany & gardening	scape : a flower-stalk, leafless or nearly so, growing from the crown of the root, bearing the blossom without leaves, as in the narcissus and hyacinth.
botany & gardening	sclerotium : a mass of hardened mycelium, weblike, black or reddish-brown, in which reserve food is stored in various fungi.
computing & web acronym	SCSI : Small Computer System Interface
	scalar : any quantity that can be described sufficiently by its magnitude, i.e. by a single number; compare with a vector quantity. Examples of scalar quantities include temperature, pressure and energy.
geography : physical	sea : a large body of salty water that is often connected to an ocean; may be partly or completely surrounded by land.	ocean
	seawater, normal : a set of values of seawater parameters used as the seawater reference values; these values correspond roughly to a seawater sample at the surface of open oceans at 15^oC and normal atmospheric pressure, and salinity of 35; see [HANDBOOK].	normal atm. pressure salinity
	seawater : salinity : a convenient physical parameter, which is defined in terms of electrical conductivity of the seawater sample, for describing the composition of seawater; see [HANDBOOK]. The value of salinity is roughly equal with the mass of dissolved compounds, expressed in grams per kilogram of seawater, while the definition in terms of electrical conductivity allows meaningful measurements. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid latitudes typically fall between 34 and 36.
measurement unit	second : SI unit of time : The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K. The unit of time, the second, was at one time considered to be the fraction 1/86 400 of the mean solar day. The exact definition of "mean solar day" was based on astronomical theories. However, measurement showed that irregularities in the rotation of the Earth could not be taken into account by the theory and have the effect that this definition does not allow the required accuracy to be achieved. An atomic standard of time interval, based on a transition between two energy levels of an atom or a molecule, could be realized and reproduced much more precisely.	SI TAI
economics	securities : (in the widest sense) documents giving title to property or claims on income which may be lodged; income yielding papers traded on the stock exchange or in secondary markets (usually a synonym for stocks and shares); an essential characteristic of a security is that it is saleable.
games : tennis	seeding : graded list of the best players entering a tournament. The best players are normally 'seeded' before a tournament begins; this prevents these players from being drawn against each other - and knocking each other out - during the early rounds of the competition.
	sense : a system of sensory cells comprising (1) receptor cells that respond to a specific kind of physical interaction with the environment, (2) transfer cells that convey the response (signal) to a nervous center (brain), and (3) set (region) of the brain cells where the signal is received and interpreted. From the times of Aristotle, five human senses are recognized: seeing (vision), hearing (audition), taste (gustation), smell (olfaction), and touch (tactition). Current list adds sense of heat (thermoception), sense of pain (nociception), sense of balance (equilibrioception), and sense of body awareness (proprioception). There is no consensus amongst neurologists on the variety of senses: disputes arise with regard to the classification of the sensory cells and their mapping to regions of the brain. For example, some neurologists recognize four different taste senses given that each receptor conveys signal to a different region of the brain. Additionally, most neurologists classify electroception and magnetoception as non-human (animal) senses while some believe that those are stunted human senses also.
botany & gardening	sepal : one of the individual leaves or parts of the calyx, the outer covering of a flower, usually protective.
botany & gardening	septum : a wall of tissue dividing the ovary, anther, fruit, etc. into cells.
botany & gardening	serrate : having sharp notches, teeth like a saw, pointing forward (toward the apex), as a serrate leaf.
economics	services : intangible, non-transferable economic goods as distinct from physical commodities. Services are difficult to define unambiguously: the output of some service may take a physical form (e.g. a cheque from bank service); many services are consumed at the point of sale (e.g. haircut) and are not therefore transferable, while a service in which knowledge is imparted (e.g. a medical advice) may be freely transferable from one consumer to another.	commodity
botany & gardening	sessile : attached by a base; as a sessile leaf, one issuing directly from the main stem or branch without a petiole or footstalk; a sessile flower, one having no peduncle or pedicel; a sessile stigma, one without a style, as in the poppy.
computing & web acronym	SGML : Standard Generalized Markup Language : The international standard for defining specific types of electronic documents. HTML is the most familiar document type derived from SGML.	HTML
botany & gardening	sheath : a tubular envelope formed at leaf base which wraps round the stem on which it grows, as in the scape of many endogenous plants.
computing & web	Shockwave : a Macromedia Director movie that play in web pages by using the Shockwave player.	player
acronym	SI : see International System of Units (Système International d'Unités)
publishing & printing	signature : a sheet of a book as folded ready for sewing; it is often 32 pages but may be only 16, 8, or even 4 pages if the paper stock is very heavy, or 64 pages if the paper is thin enough to permit additional folding; the size of the press also regulates the size of the signature.
botany & gardening	silicle : a short, broad silique.
botany & gardening	silique : an elongated, narrow podlike seed vessel, as of plants of the mustard family.
	similar : resembling something but not the same.
materials : processing	sintering : the process of heating a material containing metals or metal oxides to cause them to form a coherent bonded mass without melting; sintering ideally results in a single crystal structure material.
	slang : words, phrases, or particular meaning of these, which are used very informally for vividness or novelty or to avoid being conventional and which are not considered standard in the speaker's dialect or language; while used to at least some degree in all sectors of society, it is often specific to a particular context or group. Slang usually involves deviation from standard language; it does not necessarily involve neologisms, but often involves the creation of new linguistic forms or the creative adaptation of old ones. Although some slang expressions become commonly understood (e.g. 'cool'), slang is primarily a tool for recognizing members of the same group, and to differentiate that group from society at large. Compare with: jargon.
geography : toponym	Slough : In England the generic term was used for a muddy or miry place. In America, in the Middle West, it came to designate any good-sized backwater, and in California it took on the meaning of tidal creek, estuary, river channel. The tidal channels of the San Francisco Bay are often called sloughs, although on maps they may appear as creeks. The generic term 'slough' is also used for the channels and branches of the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin River systems, as well as for channels in the Tulare Lake section, and in other regions where similar hydrographic conditions prevail. In Los Angeles Co. the name was given to two swampy lakes that have no connection with the ocean or with a river.
computing & web acronym	SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol : a member of a suite of protocols that governs the exchange of electronic mail between message transfer agents.
computing & web	snippet : a stored content that can easily be inserted into web pages; for example, snippets are stored and accessed from the Snippets panel in Dreamweaver and are handy place to store chunks of code that are used often.
geology	soil : loose material composed of disintegrated Earth’s solid components; synonym: earth.
	solar constant : the rate at which electromagnetic energy from the Sun is received just outside the Earth’s atmosphere on a surface normal to the incident radiation and at the Earth’s mean distance from the Sun; it is 1368 W/m² (a satellite measured yearly average).
	solar irradiance : the amount of electromagnetic energy incident on a surface perpendicular to the incoming radiation at the top of the Earth's atmosphere, per unit time per unit area. In the past this quantity has often been referred to as 'solar flux'. It is commonly expressed in terms of its average value named solar constant.	solar constant
	solar radiation : the electromagnetic radiation and particles (electrons, protons, atomic nuclei) emitted by the Sun; in somewhat narrower meaning, the term is used for solar electromagnetic radiation only.	solar irradiance
metrology : acoustics	sone : a unit of loudness level of sound (apparent, subjective sound level); defined as loudness of 1000 Hz sound, 40 dB above a listener’s threshold. Loudness level of a sound, expressed in sones, measures a loudness level above threshold for a particular listener; for that reason, the threshold (measured or assumed) should be always specified. See also: phon.	loudness decibel (dB)
geography : toponym	Sonoma (Mission, Creek, Valley, County, Mountain; California) : the name of the Indian tribe mentioned in baptismal records of 1815 as 'Chucuines o Sonomas', in 1816 as 'Sonomi', and repeatedly in Mission records of the following years. The name is doubtless derived from a Patwin word for 'nose', plausibly related to an Indian chief with a prominent protuberance (named 'Chief Nose' by the Spaniards); the interpretation 'valley of the moon' is more poetic but less authentic.
geography : toponym	Sonora (town, Creek, Pass, Peak; California) : the name was first used in 1848 for 'Sonorian Camp', established by miners from the state of Sonora in northwest Mexico, to distinguish it from 'American Camp', as Jamestown was then called.
abbreviation	sp. (plural: spp.) : the designation 'species' following generic and specific (Latin) names of plants and animals means that in this case the species is unknown or unspecified, e.g. Viola sp.; note: while generic and specific names are set in italic type, the designation 'sp.' or 'spp.' is set in roman type.
botany & gardening	spadix : an inflorescence with a thick, fleshy spike thickly set with flowers embedded in pits; usually enclosed in a spathe.
botany & gardening	spathe : a large, leaflike part or pair of such parts enclosing a flower cluster, especially a spadix.
linguistics : phonetics	speech sound : see phone
botany & gardening	spike : a long flower cluster with flowers attached directly to the stalk; a raceme of sessile flowers.
botany & gardening	spikelet : a small or secondary spike in grasses; one of the flower clusters, the unit of inflorescence consisting of two or more flowers and subtended by one or more glumes variously disposed around a common axis.
geography : physical	spit : a deposition landform found off coasts (a headland); a type of bar or beach formed by the movement of sediment (typically sand) along a shore by a process known as longshore drift. Water currents and waves moving from the sea, at 90° to the direction of sediment flow, move the sediments towards the land creating a recurve.	headland
acoustics & hearing acronym	SPL : Sound Pressure Level : an acoustic scale, expressed in decibels (dB), where 0 dB (the threshold of hearing) corresponds to sound pressure level of 20 µPa, the minimum detectable 1000 Hz sound pressure level by average human ear; to avoid confusion with other decibel measures, the symbol dB(SPL) is often used. On this scale, the normal range of human hearing extends from about 0 dB to about 140 dB. A 10 dB increase in the level of a continuous noise represents a perceived doubling of loudness; a 5 dB increase is a readily noticeable change, while a 3 dB increase is barely noticeable to most people. The threshold of pain is about 135 dB. SPL is an objective measurement of sound pressure and is independent of frequency, while loudness is an apparent, subjective acoustic scale which takes account of the variable human sensitivity to different sound frequencies.	decibel (dB) loudness
botany & gardening	spore : an asexual reproductive structure.
botany & gardening	stalk : the stem or main axis of a plant; any slender supporting or connecting part of a plant, as a petiole of a leaf, the peduncle of a flower, or the funicle of an ovule.
botany & gardening	stamen : the pollen-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of filament and anthers.
botany & gardening	stem : the ascending part of a plant, whether above or below ground, which ordinary grows in an opposite direction to the root or descending part; a petiole, peduncle, pedicel.
mass media acronym	STEM : Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics
	steradian (sr) : the SI unit of solid angle, is the solid angle which, having its vertex at the center of a sphere, cuts off an area on the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Since the total area of a sphere is 4π times the square of its radius, the complete solid angle about a point is 4π sr.
mass media acronym	STGTC : Stories Too Good to Check
botany & gardening	stigma : the upper part of a pistil which receives the pollen when mature, situated either directly on the ovary, or at the summit of the style.
botany & gardening	stipe : a stem, a stalk, a support of some sort as, the petiole of a fern and the stalk of a mushroom.
botany & gardening	stipule : a small leaflike appendage situated at the base of a leafstalk or leaf petiole in pairs, either adhering to it or standing separate.
botany & gardening	stone : the hard endocarp of a drupe, as of a peach or plum.
acronym	STPA : standard temperature and pressure, absolute
geography : physical	strait : a narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water.
	structural formula : a variety of chemical formulas in which the connectivity of the atoms is implied. For example, acetone, which has a molecular formula of C₃H₆O, can also be expressed as (CH₃)CO(CH₃) or (CH₃)₂CO. For convenience, chemists often sketch these. Those shown below for acetone all express the same structure: See also: molecular model.	molecular formula
botany & gardening	style : a narrow, usually cylindrical and filiform prolongation of the ovary connected to the stigma.
	sublimation : the process by which solids are transformed directly to the vapor state without passing through the liquid phase.	vapor
botany & gardening	syconium : a fleshy, hollow receptacle containing numerous flowers which are combined in the fruit, as in a fig.
biology	symbiosis : the living together of two dissimilar organisms in close association or union, especially where this is advantageous to both, as in the case of the fungus and alga which together form the lichen.
	synonym : a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as a another in the language, e.g. joyful, elated, glad; also, a word or expression accepted as another name for something.

UPDATED : 2007-05-17

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